The IT Crowd of our company moves between this type of hardware like a fish in the water, but for programmers sometimes these concepts get mixed up in our heads for that and to differentiate the function of each of them I have quickly created this small table with the different types of network devices.
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If you want a more detailed explanation about the different types of network devices I recommend this fantastic post by Claudio.
If you want to know more about the different layers of the OSI Model on Wikipedia is explained in detail.
If you want to know more about routers and what they can offer you here a post that may interest you.
Until next time.
